Literature Review on Childhood Obesity Essay - 1850 Words

Literature Review on Childhood Obesity By: Obesity is a growing problem among U.S. children. In 1994, one in five children between the ages of 6 and 17 was overweight. This is double the rate of 30 years ago (National Center for Health Statistics, 1999). This adverse trend has potentially profound effects on childrens health, including their long-term health. The terms obese and overweight often are used interchangeably. Technically, obesity is the upper end of overweight. Obesity is clinically diagnosed as: greater than 90th percentile for weight for height; or greater than or equal to the 95th percentile Body Mass Index (BMI), age and sex specific. The gold standard is becoming the BMI, since this is also used†¦show more content†¦Researches studies differ on whether obese consume more energy (calories) than non-obese individuals. Some show they do consume more; others show they may consumer fewer calories. The big difference may be in the type of nutrients that they consume, such as fat. For example, Gaz zaniga, found that the percentage of body fat was positively correlated with total dietary fat. Still, other researchers suggest that the reasons are metabolic in origin and that obese individuals process foods differently resulting in an increase in body fat. Although how these factors affect obesity are not fully understood, one thing is clear: Obesity results when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure and is stored as fat. Ellyn Satter (1987), author of Child of Mine: Feeding with Love and Good Sense, firmly believes in the importance of the feeding relationship and its implications for obesity. The feeding relationship is the interaction that takes place between parents and children around food. Obese children need to learn to listen to their internal cues of hunger and appetite. Parents and childcare providers must help them do so. This includes encouraging children to eat according to these cues, while acknowledging the emotional aspect of feeding and eating. A restrictive diet may make the child feel deprived and neglected, and exacerbate the overeating problem. Children and adolescents who watched the most TV were more obese thanShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity Crtical Literature Review Dissertation1344 Words   |  6 PagesIssues around IVF This assignment with focus on IVF and will than define the term IVF. It will follow on looking at issues around IVF. It will also briefly touch catholic debates on IVF and the feminist view on IVF. Furthermore it will define utilitarianism and link it to IVF. Thus it will look at Kant’s theory and how that relates to IVF. There are some women who can’t get pregnant and have to go through In vitro fertilization (IVF) in order to have a baby. IVF involves an egg cell thatRead MoreApplying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process796 Words   |  4 Pageshypothesis, and a relevant literature review. These elements of a research article enable the researchers to clearly state the need and importance of their study. The elements also help to define the uniqueness of the study. The article addresses the problem of childhood obesity, which is a significant issue in health care. The prevalence of obesity during childhood is on the increase across various parts of the globe, especially in the United States. Childhood obesity is associated with multipleRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And Adolescents1427 Words   |  6 PagesA: Literature Review Many children living in the world are well nourished and consume foods that contain sufficient amounts of protein, carbohydrate, fat and micronutrients in order to meet their nutritional requirements. However, there has been a downfall of recommended dietary standards considerably fallen short within children’s diets. Furthermore, an insignificant diet as well as physical inactivity, results in an energy imbalance and can lead to a major social issue of childhood obesity. TheRead MoreBackground and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care1003 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Process to Problems in Health Care Childhood Obesity HCS/465 August 2, 2012 Donald Steacy Introduction The purpose of the paper is to show how to develop and understand methodology of the research process when pertaining to health care. The process consists of retrieving a peer-reviewed article and applying the research methodology to the article selected. The article selected for the research methodology was Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis written by SameeraRead MoreObesity Is A Disorder That Involves Extreme Amount Of Body Fat1117 Words   |  5 PagesObesity Introduction Obesity is a disorder that involves extreme amount of body fat. It is an important issue because of the disturbing rate it has reached over the past years, especially when it comes to children. It’s important to teach them healthy habits so they would stick to these habits when they are older. It’s hard to keep up with what they are learning. Since children spend many hours a day in their school or child care place, a new way to include new habits in the children’s life is toRead MoreEvaluating the Research Process Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluating the Research Process Rebecca Persinger HCS/465 April 9, 2012 Donald J. Steacy Childhood Obesity The author of this article talks about the increasing number of obese children in America and what it will take to have healthy and nutritious school lunch programs provided to school children. During a survey performed by the author on many children who are suffering from obesity in America and the health problems these unhealthy school lunches are creating, the lunches were analyzedRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children Health1139 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Obesity on Children Health Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Childhood obesity has been problem in developed as well as in developing countries. As Cause, it is accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable to burn calorie. There is increasingRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1378 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center forRead MoreThe Health Risks Of Obesity Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Obesity is one of the most significant health concerns that both children and adults in the USA are facing today. It can be defined as a condition of having too much fat in the adipose tissue of the body to the extent that it impairs body health, and is different from overweight which implies having too much body weight. This is because the weight of an overwieight person can be as a result of body muscle, fat, bone and water. However, the two terms imply that an individual’s weight

Lifetime Risk of Cancer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2169 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Work Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: The lifetime cancer risk is forty-four percent in men and thirty-eight percent in women, with an increase to those percentages if you are sixty-five and older(Browner,2017). There are different types of preventative measures to help reduce diseases in elders, but with cancer being the second most common cause of death in elders across the United States there are only so many measures you can take. Cancer can be more difficult in treating among older adults because they are likely to have other conditions as well(cancer.net, 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lifetime Risk of Cancer" essay for you Create order Also, with the populations life expectancy increasing there is more of a chance for an elder to develop cancer cells. Recently there has been a twenty-six percent increase in developing cancer for people ages sixty-five and older and death is sixteen times greater in patients of the age sixty-five and older(Berger,2006). But, the reason for increasing life expectancy is because of the medical advances for all ages, which is helping the age of people to live longer. There are multiple centers and organizations available for elderly cancer patients around the United States and in Northwest Arkansas that have programs that help with support and possible financial assistance. Problem Statement: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the elder population. Although, when people hear the word cancer, they start to think that it is a terminal condition, now people are beginning to live longer with the illness. But, usually eighty percent of elder live at least five years with the condition. Again, the prevalence of cancer rates is on the rise for the elderly population, and if they have another outstanding condition or disease then that could make treating and even preventing cancer from growing or spreading harder than just having the cancer condition alone. Also, with elderly people being more sensitive to most treatments and medication, it makes treating the cells hard to manage. But, with improvements to treatments and screenings makes catching it in a lower stage an easier process. Gender and racial differences can play a role in the different types of cancer(Hooyman,2015, pg.80), and also how severe the condition can have an effect on the patient. For an example, women are more likely to contract breast cancer, but it is also possible for males to have breast cancer cells, but it may take a while to detect because having testing done for breast cancer cells is not the first thing you think to have screened if you are a male. Current solutions: For chronic illnesses and diseases, many healthcare providers ask for chronic management instead of a cure for the condition(Hooyman,2015, pg.13). Although finding a cure is needed, finding a way to manage it could be helpful for elders. It may be more helpful to stabilize the condition rather than try to treat it if the elder individuals body is not accepting or having negative side effects with the treatment. Having a better quality of life, like physical, emotional, and even social aspects, can help you either cope with already having the condition or help with developing cancer. Having physical comfort like your living situation, having positive relationships, eating nutritious foods, and being able to care for yourself especially if you live unaccompanied could help with your quality of life(cancer.net, 2018). As always, screening and getting test regularly is always key to catching it before or early on in the stages. Although there are always barriers and benefits to screening , barriers being the screening do not have standard guidelines, could have limited data, or could not detect disease, being a false negative. Other barriers to diagnosis and treatment could be, if there is a cost or limited to no transportation available for screening then diagnosing and treatment for the condition is impossible. Another barrier could be that if their body strength to tolerate or accept the treatment is not strong enough then to doctor or physician could lead the patient to a different way to treat the condition(Berger,2006). Some early symptoms, if any, could consist of fatigue, depression, weight loss and loss of appetite, changing in memory or thought process and pain if present(healthinaging.org, 2018). Fatigue could be caused by various reasons like, the actual cancer cells, treatment, and stress. Depression could be caused from pain, it could be severe enough to slow down limitations to social life and even just the thought of having this said disease and people looking at you differently, causing you to think negatively about yourself. If you have changes in your cerebral cortex, could lead to being forgetful, having a hard time focusing, and you could have difficulty making plans and processing tasks(healthinaging.org, 2018). Trying to manage keeping your cerebral cortex task oriented and working can be a challenge if you are having such problems. Making sure you get enough sleep, keep to-do list regularly, always asking for help when you might need it, and writing down questions if no one is arou nd at the time and ask later could keep your cerebral cortex working. If you experience loss of appetite and possible weight loss, you want to have your healthcare provider and their team help you plan of meals, medications, and even physical exercise times and functions. Ways to solve having a better diet and managing weight loss could be eating smaller portions but more often, limiting your consumption of fatty foods, and if you are inflexible to changing those options your provider could recommend taking supplements. Experiencing pain during treatment or from the cells themselves can change levels each day and can will likely be experienced while having the condition. Keeping pain levels under control is one of the healthcare providers most important ambition. Cancer treatments for older adult individuals could be a single type of treatment or could be in alliance with other treatments. Many times, physicians will perform a treatment outcome assessment to determine how to treat each individual, knowing that all people are different, and each have to be treated in different ways. Most common options include, but not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, target therapy, and/or radiation therapy. Surgery consist of removing the cancer cells and possibly other cells surrounding the site to make sure spreading of the cancer cells doesnt happen and can be done in a quicker time span than other therapies. As always negative risks and liabilities can occur during all surgery, it is especially significant in the elderly individuals because your body may not function as healthy as it did before and should always discuss the risks that could occur. Chemotherapy treatment is spread out through several weeks and possible months, because of the longevity a nd strength of the chemo it can cause elderly individuals to have a higher risk of negative side effect but could still have a positive outcome. Chemotherapy takes effect upon the entire body as a whole, and can cause problems with the nervous systems, cause the stomach and weight loss problems, and can cause your blood count to be off by being lower, increasing the risk for an infection. With older individuals more commonly known for taking other medications for other health circumstances, this type of medication could possibly cause a reaction or affect the way the chemotherapy is working and void what that specific medication in intended to treat. As for radiation therapy, it is usually used in conjunction with treatments like surgery and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is intense energy that kills the cells, and is usually done externally, but can be done internally, known as brachytherapy, by placing radioactive material inside your tissue(Mayo Clinic, 2018). Always consider th e risk and benefits to this therapy like; cost, schedule because it requires treatment more often than chemotherapy, and keeping a healthy diet could help determine the consideration of radiation therapy. Through clinical trials doctors have begun including more elderly individuals in their trials because cancer is a rising condition in people ages sixty-five and older. The American Society of Clinical Oncology organized a trial named the Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry, TAPUR, which is a clinical trial for individuals with later stages of cancer. The drugs used in this trial are for treatment of certain types of cancers but might work in treating other cancers while treating the one its intended to treat. The target for Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry is to learn about and from prescribing practices and to educated oncologists about how to use these genomically target drugs(TAPUR,2018). Eligibility consist of advanced cancer, no longer benefiting from any other treatment and being healthy enough to participate. At excessive doses of the therapy, radiation can kill cancer or at least slow down the growth by deteriorating them. Deteriorating them can cause the cells to quit dividing and/or eventually die off and can then be removed by the body. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are not the cure for cancer but has been the most successful treatment to date. Although nothing can assure your recovery outcome, most patients will be advised by their physicians them to use the statement in remission instead of being cured. There are multiple federal and state funding programs that will assist in financial barriers that individuals and their families could face. You can have insurance and still apply for government assistance for treatments, but there are certain eligibility requirements you have retain for each funding program. Some of the nonprofit organizations include CancerCare, Good Days, National Organization for Rare Disorders along with others, and they often times will pay for the copay and deductibles and could possible pay for cost of certain medications and treatment(Financial Assistance for Cancer Patients, 2018). Analysis of local solutions: Hope Cancer Resources mission is to provide compassionate, professional cancer support and education in the Northwest Arkansas region today and tomorrow. There vision is to provide hope and enhance quality of life by expanding prevention, wellness and comprehensive cancer support services in our region. They have extraordinarily high licensed oncology social workers, along with a Spanish interpreter to help broaden the amount of people that can come through and receive help from Hope Cancer Resources. There population includes all ages but have a focus in the elder population ages sixty-five and older. There are transportation services provided that can get patients to and from their appointments. Their biggest drawback is transportation, because while they do provide this service, they do not allow wheelchairs or family to ride along with them. With cancer lowering your strength and physical capabilities most will have a wheelchair and need assistance. Hope Cancer Resources is one o f the governments funded nonprofit in northwest Arkansas, and do not require any client fees and is solely ran off of donations and government grants. Their goal with financial assistance is to alleviate the financial stress of cancer for patients and their families. They offer financial assistance to cater to all individuals needs such as; gas cards and everyday living expenses along with funding for medications and nutritional supplements if needed. They provide counseling sessions that aid in emotional support and can include individual, couples, and family sessions. Hope Cancer Resources provides free cancer screening and prevention education, which includes; education for tobacco cessation and prevention. Along with these services they recently launched their wellness center in hopes to promote wellness and healthy living by helping to increase the quality of life of the patients and their caregivers. Conclusion: In conclusion, cancer will always be a negative diagnosis and disease until there is cure, and even then, cancer will still need to be treated. Cancer is the second highest cause of death in elder, ages sixty-five and older, and needs to be treated differently on each individual. Although now cancer is not considered to be a terminal disease any longer it is still a disease that needs to be treated and especially in elder with their systems weakening as they age. There are multiple routes a person can take to treat whichever kind of cancer they have, but it is not said which treatment is more effective than the other. All of the therapies are said to have positive effects with minimal side effects, but still some side effects could be present. Recommendations for change in the increasing number of people with cancer would be to include free screenings every year after the age of fifty. Having free screenings would encourage more individuals to get the testing and would more likely be able to detect it in the early stages. New solutions would be to find a cure for cancer, and to make it available for everyone to receive that treatment if needed. The next step everyone should take is to get screenings done more often which would in turn decrease the rise in the population of positive cancer testing. With Hope Cancer Resources being located here in the Northwest Arkansas area, it makes getting screened and test an easy access with no barriers holding you back if you live in the area.

Cognitive PsychologyFINAL PAPER - 724 Words

Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cesar Larios PSY 360 December 1, 2014 Terry Blackmon Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper The human mind is full of complexity, with it we have the ability to breath, have a heartbeat, and also process what we see around us. Many experts in the field of psychology had tried to explain the full complexity of our brain’s actions and thoughts. According to Galotti (2014), cognitive psychology studies our thoughts such as what we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize reason, decide, and so forth. Cognitive psychology opened the door to innovation it allowed psychologist room for expansion by giving them different ways to interpret psychology. With the desire for a change in traditional†¦show more content†¦These constructs allowed psychologists to accurately examine the thought processes derived from the person being studied. According to Willingham (2007), â€Å"An abstract construct is a theoretical set of processes and representations that are useful in explaining some data.† These studies were able to take the inter thoughts of an individual ’s brain processes. These studies will observe individuals as if they would on a computer this helped them determine what could happen next. The third milestone that contributed to the development of cognitive psychology is the implication of neuroscience. As society evolved so did the world, new devices were develop in order to examine the human mind. According to Willingham (2007), â€Å"Artificial intelligence is the pursuit of intelligent behavior by a computer.† With the implementations of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology has kept the study of behaviorism in the field of psychology. Researchers make comparisons of computer programs that allows a computer to finish a function as comparison of the human brain in completing task (Willingham, 2007). Neuroscience has the capability of taking the abstract constructs that are generated and placing them together to make a connection with a subject’s brain structure with how it functions. The study of neuroscience opened the door into the biological foundation within the human

PM Application Systems in Project Monitoring- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePM Application Systems in Project Monitoring. Answer: The PM application systems seem to be critical in enhancing the work of project managers in monitoring performance and managing changes within the project. Given the current complexity in projects, project managers should possess PM skills based on the methods and tools to help the project management and planning (SEBoK 2017). Systems engineering applications form the basis of this reflection because many engineers use these applications to transform the world. The researchable question relating to this reflection is how systems engineering is used in the real world. Systems engineering is a unique interdisciplinary approach that ensures systems operate successfully. It involves operational sustainability, development of the solution, and formulating problems. The systems engineering has economic value because of its collaborative approach to other specialists, management, and engineering disciplines. Studies have demonstrated that systems engineering are used to enterprise and servi ce systems (SEBoK 2017). Consequently, the systems engineers require relevant competencies to manage and monitor projects at all organizational levels. Monitoring performance is also important for managing projects. It involves keeping an eye on the activities and operations of the project team. The systems engineering and management are critical in formulating standard life cycle, practices, and processes. Importantly, the foundations and knowledge of the system define the systems engineering. Based on SEBoK, the systems engineering applications can help in creating life cycle management of systems (SEBoK 2016). It entails a system of systems, enterprise systems, service systems, and product systems thus facilitate the change management. Without a doubt, the way the project manager handles change depends on the circumstances. For instance, with technology and efficiency taking the central point in project management, engineering systems have become relevant. The project manager must serve the interests of project sponsors and owners. This is possible through measuring the success of projects (SEBoK 2017). The measurement will depen d on the outcomes like the developed product and improved performance. However, if the change fails to take place, stakeholders get demoralized. The change to any project affects the goals and targets. The portfolio or program is never important because project manager can adjust the operations based on the situation. Bibliography SEBoK 2016, September 27, Part 4: applications of systems engineering. https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Applications_of_Systems_Engineering SEBoK 2017, March 27, Guide to the systems engineering body of knowledge (SEBoK). Available at: https://www.sebokwiki.org.