Mass media not only gives the latest news and trends Essay Example for Free

plug media not only gives the latest intelligence and trends EssayOver decades, mass media has been used to propagate development to the sharpen earreach. It has been a tidy tool that has been used by different people to speak their interests on their earshot. However, it comes with both positive and negative effects to the society depending on the channel used. Sometimes, bring argon not sensitive on the kind of audience thus arousing fear, controversy, violence, or other emotions associated with the message universe conveyed.Many experts have conducted research on the effects of mass media on the youth (Guarino Carter, 2013). Their findings indicate that mass media has a positive effect on the young people collect to its educative nature. However, they notify that the youth should be exposed to information that is in synch with their culture phase. All the media sources enhance friendship through provision of information. For instance, word of honor increases s elf-aw atomic number 18ness by updating the audience about the daily events happening in the society.This induces concern about kind issues within the population segment, which is most productive. Mass media not only gives the latest news and trends, but also contributes to the enhancement of vocabularies and command of language. Young Launer (2011) explain that advancement of general knowledge leads to the rise of a youthful population that is able to express their views with appropriate language that alleviates conflicts and controversies as a result of misunderstandings. The print media is vital for the development of a reading culture in the society.The habits ensure that the youth are easily informed on the social trends and other aspects that are vital for socio-economic growth in the whole social matrix (Bacal, 2013). Studies indicate that the methods used to hit the sack information submits the cognitive processing capacity of the audience. Moreover, the methods improv e the learning progress of the youth since their brains are at their optimum learning phase. Axon (2011) states that significant knowledge gains have been witnessed when the participants are exposed to current affairs, social issues, and other forms of information based on varying contexts.Due to the broad range of information being propagated, mass media overwhelms us with tons of information. The nature and amount of information increases the brains capacity to gain more knowledge. So, mass media creates an avenue that stimulates the need for geographic expedition and curiosity, which are essential for effective development of the brain (Donohue, 2011). In addition, mass media develops the reflective segment of the brain that processes the factual, objective, and analytic elements, which influence response to varying situations.The development of this segment leads the person to have rational thoughts they are the ones that determine the formulation of response depending on the s ituation. Therefore, the youth who are conversant with the dynamics of mass media develop a balance between the real knowledge base and the environment created by media activities. The efficiency of knowledge acquisition and retain ability depends on the ability of the heading to access long sequences of information and putting it together in order to establish relationships.Wilson (2011) explains that our culture is dominated by activities which improve declarative memory if well utilized. Therefore, mass media is a major contributor to the development of various segments of the brain, which is an advantageous effect on the young population since they are a part of the marker audience. In his article, Debatin (2013) further explains that mass media has profound effects on the modern culture. The availability of constant information influences the social demeanour of the youthful population due to the nature of messages being propagated.They not only promote the intended interes ts, but also stimulate attitudes, moods, and other forms of emotions that define social behavior. Therefore, mass media influences the transformation of the social and cultural values of the general audience. The influential nature of media contributes to positive development of thoughts and behavioral patterns of the youth. The media has contributed to positive transformation of the way people think. In reference to pagan (2011), cultivation of good behavioral patterns strengthens the social bonds in the community.It also creates a young population that is able to work and live together as a way of developing the country. The advent of media technologies that enable propagation of information to all population segments has led to effective social control. Through media, announcements, advertisements, and messages that require the audience to marry some form of instruction is possible. This has been made successful by the strong link that exists between the youth and mass media (G unther, 2013). Its positive effect has created an audience that is duteous and flexible to the changes occurring in the society.In addition, the media influences the health status among the youth by providing educative programs about physical fitness and diet. The programs can be used to influence the lifestyle of the young people by offering nutritional recommendations that promote a healthy lifestyle. Statistics indicate that commercials that encourage healthy eating take fourteen percent of the time spent by the youth in mass media platforms (Moran, 2013). Since the young people make up the most active population segment, umteen companies target them.Products such as alcohol and cigarettes are mostly consumed by the young people. The mass media can be used to influence their consumption behavior through passive advertisements, which discourage their use. Therefore, the mass media can be used as a positive influence on the social behavior of the target population (Sterin, 2011). Oliver Jinhee (2012) explain that one of the positive media effects is the enhancement of interpersonal relationships and communication. They further elaborate that the interpersonal relationships developed influence the complex social dynamics.This is because the messages propagated equal the social institutions depending on their context as a major deciding factor on the choice of their response. Therefore, the efficient delivery of information to the target audience is a fundamental factor for determining effective interactions in the society. Porfilio, Car, Miranda (2011) state that media activities change peoples perspective on various issues that affect society. These activities cultivate positive perceptions on the modern youth over time due to continuous exposure to mass media.Although the creation of perceptions is a complex process, it shapes the methods, which the audience approaches social challenges resulting to the development of give social norms. Therefore, the role of mass media in manipulating perceptions within the social context comes with positive consequences on the young population. In conclusion, the amount of benefits derived from mass media depends on how its capacities are utilized. Its influential nature can be used to create social trends that promote better lifestyle, which is an essential factor for optimizing human capital.In addition, it has made the world a global village where information reaches its target audience within a short time irrespective of their locations. This availability of information is vital for expanding the information processing capabilities of the modern young population. It also expands the knowledge base and command of various issues of concern in the society. At the same time, it creates self-awareness and a sense of office among the young population. Therefore, the mass media has positive effects on the population segment under consideration. References Axon, D.(2011). Effects of Mass media on the Society. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from American Communication Journal http//services. trueserials. com Bacal, R. (2013). Mass Media and the Effects on Society. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Presse Radio http//www. presseradiotv. com Debatin, B. (2013). Media Ethics in a Fast Changing Media Environment. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Journal of Mass Media Ethics http//www. tandfonline. com Donohue, T. (2011). Mass Media Flow and Differential ingathering in Knowledge. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Public Opinion Quarterly http//poq.oxfordjournals. org Gentile, W. (2011). Impact of media use on children and youth. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from National Institutes of Health http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov Guarino, M. , Carter, B. (2013). The rise of new media and Internet power schemes An impact oeuvre of social media rise. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Academia. edu http//www. academia. edu Gunther, A. (2013). The Persuasive Press Inference Effects of Mass Media on Perceived Public Opinion. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Communication Research http//crx. sagepub. com Jacobs, R. (2012).Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http//www. diesel-ebooks. com Moran, M. (2013). Understanding the Global TV Format. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http//www. diesel-ebooks. com Oliver, M. , Jinhee, B. (2012). Exploring Implications of Perceived Media Reinforcement on Third-Person Perceptions. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Communication Research http//crx. sagepub. com Porfilio, B. , Car, P. , Miranda, M. (2011). Youth culture, the mass media, and democracy. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Academic Exchange Quarterly http//rapidintellect.com Sterin, C. (2011). Mass Media Revolution Kindle Edition. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http//www. amazon. com Swanberg, A. (2013). The CNN effect can the news media drive social trends. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from CNN http//www. cnn. com Wilson, B. (2011). The Anatomy of Mass Media. Re trieved April 30, 2013, from Journal of Media Psychology http//services. trueserials. com Young, M. , Launer, M. (2011). The Impact of New Media on Traditional Mainstream Mass Media. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from BBC http//www. bbc. co. uk

Nation of Kurds Essay Example for Free

Nation of Kurds EssayThe challenges revolving around deeper political, cultural and societal understanding has been one of the tenets surrounding social conflict. With the variety show of cultures around the initiation, the creation of norms and practices among dominant groups often creates a clash among members of the minority ethnic groups which in turn necessitates into conflicting ideals and values. Thus, the service of ethnic conflict occurs during the eventual(prenominal) analysis of how groups view the current status quo as a barrier for their practices and norms. Defining Ethnic ConflictIn defining ethnic conflict, various scholars obligate come up with various interpretations on as to how such problem emanates. Due to the variety of conflicts and problems created by the said incident, creating a standardized definition would sole(prenominal) broaden the scope of such area. comprehend this, various approaches have been made and created s eeral theoretical bases fo r the explanation of the realm of ethnicity.Seeing this, it may be pay off to define ethnic conflict to be particular kind of such disputes about political, economic, social, cultural or territorial issues between two or more actors in which at least one of them is an ethnic group that defines causes, consequences and potential solutions of the conflict along an actual or perceived discriminating or differently distinctive ethnic divide (Wolff, 2006). The creation of such conflicting patterns necessitates groups to conduct violent means to overlay the issue and change the status quo.Given the inadequacy of agreement on both substance and process, parties tend to turn very often and easily to force-based options, because force seems to be the only common language that both sides understand and honor (FPDL, 2006). In the end, there is a need for dialogue to cater better understanding and create necessities for change. The potential of conflict to generate learning, judder creati vity and deepen relationships is realized only if we are adapted to understand its underlying causes and to mutually recognize and respect each some other right to address own needs (FPDL, 2006).The Kurds A brief historical reviewThe Kurdish people in general are relatively large in itemize and comprise of various settlements living in various countries. In 1987, estimates suggested that probably numbering close to 16 million Kurds, inhabits the wide arc from eastern bomb and the northwestern part of Syria through Soviet Azerbaijan and Iraq to the northwest of the Zagros Mountains in Iran, represented the population of what has been referred to as Kurdistan (Global Security.org, 2008).Kurdish movement in various places in the world can be attributed to many factors that have been evident in history. These significant events have been significant in migration of Kurds in different countries and societies. These examples such as the nonstarter and collapse of the Mehabad Republic in 1946, collapse of the movement in Southern Kurdistan in 1975, the use of chemical weapons by the Iraqi government against Halabja, Badinan and other areas of Iraqi Kurdistan, and the refugee exodus from there after the uprising and aftermath of the Second Gulf War in 1991 (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.1)Throughout history, the Kurdish people have sought for emancipation and the recognition as a national entity. However, all the bloody revolts that have been made were all in jeopardy as no movements have ever been successful in the practice. Some of the frequent Kurdish revolts in the twentieth century have sought autonomy others avowedly aimed at complete liberty in a sovereign state (Harris, 1977, p.113). In the end, such events catapulted the rise of many conflicts among dwell states. This in turn ended up in the escalation of force play and conflict within the region.Inter-ethnic conflictThe process of inter-ethnic conflict among the Kurds can be seen in their neighbors such as Ir aq and Turkey. On the other hand, there are similarly incidents of conflict in the Southern Kurdistan and mainly involves the Iraqi KDP and KDPI. Among the most obvious types of inter-ethnic conflicts are those that have taken place between the Kurds and the majority ethnic groups i.e. the Arabs and their government agency elites, since the establishment of the state of Iraq in the 1920s and their inclusion into the state against the will of their own majority (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.2)Conflict against neighborsSimilarly, occurrence of conflict can also be cited by Kurds against several states bordering the region namely Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq. These conflicts primarily occur due to the intervention of these states in the countrys political affairs and clashes with other ethnic groups. Kurdistan geographical position became an instrument for several states to equally pursue their interest over such region. This is done by supporting one or the other party in the competition for power and resources, by inciting incidents of disagreements and war, and by luring one or the other party with false promises and temptations (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.3)On the other hand, the same fact applies for Kurdish movements. They in turn are guaranteed support only to realize in the end that they decease just pawns in the overall plans of each neighboring state. The Kurdish movements, too, due to their consideration for their own sectarian interests only, rather than those of the Kurdish nation as a whole, become an easy prey to these cynical games of chivalric power politics by the governments of these regional states (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.3) In the end, the welfare of placed under jeopardy due to such interference and intervention of other states.Creating SolutionsSeeing this, there are varied solutions practiced and suggested to improve the current scenario of ethnic conflict within the region. Neutral states can act as both mediators and negotiators in the peace talks pro cess between two competing parties. Strong mediation by forceful negotiations from the United States and Europe might be able to convince the two Kurdish parties in Iraqi Kurdistan and to return to a peaceful process with formation of a wider new coalition government and attribute a new democratic elections under international supervision (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.3).Economic benefits may be included in the talks so as to sanction parties and states to comply. With the help of international organizations such as the UN, the process can effectively create confidence-building measures and improvements in the region torn by continued conflict and violence. A lifting of UN sanctions on Iraqi Kurdistan together with an increased package for economic aid will certainly influence the parties towards more cooperative relations because they will become more self reliant and escape influence from Iraq, Turkey, and Iran as a result of sanction busting along their borders along their borders for c ustoms duties (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.3).Lastly, peacekeeping solutions can be enforced and help create a better democratic society. In addition, there needs to be an active involvement among groups who partake in the process to create a civil society that addresses the concerns of these ethnic groups. With the establishment of interest groups and institutions for the advancement and strengthening of a civil society together with institutions for the preservation of humans rights and respect the rule of law together with well trained cadres in conflict resolution would further enhance cooperative relations within Kurdish society (Sheikhmous, 1998, p.4).ReferencesFPDL (2006) What is Ethnic Conflict. Retrieved July 14, 2008 fromhttp//209.85.175.104/hunt?q=cache-wSNN0zz3F8Jwww.fpdl.ro/WHAT_IS_ETHNIC_CONFLICT_EN.doc+defining+ethnic+conflicthl=tlct=clnkcd=1gl=phGlobal Security.org (2008) Kurdistan Kurdish Conflict. Retrieved July 14, 2008 fromhttp//www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/wa r/kurdistan.htmHarris, G.S. (1977) Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in Annals of the American Academy ofPolitical and Social Science. 433. Retrieved July 14, 2008. pp. 112-124.Sheikhmous, O. (1998) Factors for Cooperation and Conflict in Southern Kurdistan. RetrievedJuly 14, 2008 from http//www.aina.org/articles/sheikhmous.pdfWolff, S. (2006) Ethnic Conflict and How to explain It An Overview of Relevant TheoriesDefining Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict. Retrieved July 14, 2008 from http//209.85.175.104/search?q=cacheyMs7ugglbUEJwww.stefanwolff.com/teaching/ethnic-conflict/downloads/lecture-1-notes.doc+defining+ethnic+conflicthl=tlct=clnkcd=7gl=ph

Divided And Unified Government

Divided And structured GovernmentThe presidencies of Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan ar take a shit examples of dual-lane brass, in which they both served under terms where they were contended with the opposing party at bottom Congress. In the presidencies of pile Carter, in which he served under terms where he had complete control of the Congress, which includes the syndicate of Representatives and the Senate, and control over the Executive Branch. At the beginning of the get together States regime the most universal ground level of political relation was that of unified government. Yet after the 1970s and more specifically the Watergate scandal, shared government became the more prevalent as a response to this scandal.The comparison of the efficiency of divided government and the efficiency of unified government is significant to correspondence whether commonly held figments about government are true or false. By analyzing the facts of the comparison in efficiency o f the amount of major lawmaking and major investigations between divided and unified government, in that location can be better commonly held knowledge among the populace of the coupled States, which will allow for better informed voters in the near future. By understanding the commonly held myths about government, there can be better comprehension into the decisions and mindset of voters in the get together States. If it is possible to debunk a commonly held myth about divided government, it is entirely possible to create a government that industrial plant in the best interest of the general public.The root at which I hold my interest in this subject is at the fact that many voters in the linked States are uninformed about the politics of our government. Through the depth psychology of both types of government that can sprout in the United States, I might be able to enhance the mindset of many voters. It is not that voters are incorrect about their ideals it is more closely re lated to the fact that many voters dont understand how to get their ideal done to the representatives that they have voted for. The entire system in which major lawmaking and major investigations occur is very interesting to say the least. The Legislative branch and the Executive branch are both spreading the affect at which their powers extend. It is therefore critical to understand the process by which I can become an informed voter that is able to get my ideals across to the representatives that I will be able to vote for soon.Literature ReviewUnified / Divided GovernmentThe United States of America has sustained cardinal major governmental parties the republican Party and the Democrat Party. These two parties have allowed the United States government to have separations in party control over two branches in our government. These two branches are the Legislative Branch, which is the Congress and Executive Branch, which is the death chair. Although, unified government has bee n the norm since the creation of our government. Due to the scandal of the Nixon Administration in the Watergate Scandal, the United States has popularized the use of the divided government, to be able to keep the other party in check. The separation of the Legislative Branch and the Executive Branch is the United States separation of powers. This separation of powers leads to a checks and balances on the federal government. Many voters view divided government as a good thing Parties jointly in power are seen to coiffe a service by checking each other. (Mayhew, 1991), therefore many voters prefer it as a system of checks and balances.The United State government has functioned for so abundant because it is able to bend and become malleable to the needs to two political parties. Within a unified government, which was the preferred government at the creation of the United States, one political party is in control of the Executive Branch and the Legislative Branch. A unified governmen t is prevalent in the presidential calling of president James Carter. On the other hand of the spectrum, in spite of appearance a divided government, this is where either the Executive Branch or the Legislative Branch is controlled by two dissentent political parties. This is the preferred government after the Watergate Scandal during chair Nixons move. The efficiency of both types of government has been crucial to determining which type of government will best suit the needs of the United States.Nixon AdministrationThe United States has been governed under the authority of electric chair Nixon during the years of 1919 to 1974. As our 37th electric chair of the United States, and the only one to resign, he has gone through a enormous ordeal. The events leading up to his resignation are crucial to understanding the significance of the occur against unified government. President Richard Nixon faced great adversity with the Vietnam War he was put into a situation where most of the United States citizens wanted an immediate detachment of troops out of Vietnam, but he couldnt do that without looking weak. President Nixon has prevailed through many obstacles during his career, yet he has overly accomplished a great deal. For example, President Nixon gained the United States great relations with China.The Watergate Scandal of President Nixon career was the most distraught event that could have happened to President Nixon. The Watergate Scandal was all of the impish and clandestine operations that President Nixon ordered, which were to bug many offices of people who were opposition to President Nixon. President Nixon used his power as President of the United States through many of his executive branches to gain valuable knowledge about the opposition. President Nixon make a fatal mistake, when he sent five men into the antiauthoritarian Party Headquarters and they were caught. This Watergate Scandal ended in the ultimate resignation of President Nixon on August 9, 1974.Carter AdministrationDuring the Carter Administration, President James Carter was the 39th President of the United States. President James Carter faced the U.S. energy crisis, deregulation, and the United States boycott of the Moscow Olympics. The U.S. energy crisis was declared by President Carter through a televised speech communication and this lead to him advising each and every citizen to conserve energy. President James Carter went through deregulation with his cabinet, the cabinet discussed regulatory reform. We estimate that government regulation cost $ ampere-second billion this year about 5 percent of our GNP. Were trying to cut down on regulation, having had remarkable success in the airline industry perchance a good example. (Carter, 2010) President Carter went through deregulation not only with the airline industry, which the United States removed government control over fares, President Carter deregulated the American Beer Industry, which allowed hom e brewing.President James Carter went through the U.S. boycott of the Moscow Olympics. Although this action wasnt popular to the many people who were waiting for the Olympics President Carter took this action to respond to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. By boycotting the 1980 Summer Olympics, President James Carter was able to accomplish nothing. The Soviet Union left Afghanistan long after President Carter left office. President James Carter was able to get plenty done in a unified government, which allowed him to easily pass deregulation laws.Reagan AdministrationThe Reagan Administration, marked with the 40th President of the United States, President Ronald Reagan. President Ronald Reagan served during the years of 1981 to 1989. President Ronald Reagan brought about the idea of Reaganomics he survived an assassination attempt and went through the Iran-Contra affair. President Ronald Reagan brought up the concept of Reaganomics, which was his authority to increase the growth of the economy. President Ronald Reagan tried to spur this growth by advocating a reduction of tax rates. Furthermore, President Ronald Reagan introduced the government in the control of the property supply to try to reduce inflation. President Ronald Reagan went through deregulation, just like of that of his predecessor, President James Carter. President Ronald Reagan did his best to reduce the United States government spending. President Ronald Reagan actually survived an assassination attempt on his life by a man who was not convicted on the plea of insanity. President Ronald Reagan went through the Iran-Contra affair which made his executive branch take part of illegal and scandalous operations to fund weapons to Iran to receive seven American hostages in return.Research StatementThe United States governments method by which they utilize their legislative power is through the Legislative Branch and the Executive Branch. The Legislative Branch, which is composed of the Congress, wh ich in itself is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, is the driving force of where divided government and unified government occurs. The Executive Branch, controlled by the President of the United States, is in a way, the supreme voice for his political party. The President of the United States determines which laws are passed therefore the Congress must come to terms to be able to pass a law that suits the President of the United States. The presidencies of Nixon and Reagan showed clear divided government and the presidency of Carter showed clear unified government. All of the presidencies contained great ordeals and hardships.The efficiency of the two types of government divided government and unified government are contended. Divided government is a form of government that induces conflict between the Congress inner workings and the Executive Branch. Unified government is a form of government that induces union and ease of lawmaking between the Congress inne r workings and the Executive Branch. Does the commonly held myth that a unified government works more efficiently than a divided government uphold when considering the presidencies of Nixon, Carter, and Reagan? Does the frequency of major lawmaking or major investigations in government determine whether a unified government is more efficient than a divided government?The posed questions are significant to understand which type of government is best for this generations lifestyle. By posing these two questions, the concept of lawmaking and major investigations is enlightened. It is important to understand how the process of lawmaking and major investigations occurs within our legislative branch and executive branch. It is also important to understand the efficiency at which these two types of governments operate at. By understanding this efficiency, it is possible to determine how we should run the United States government.Research FindingsEfficiency of Unified and Divided Government The efficiency of divided government compared to that of unified government is commonly held that divided government holds a stalemate of sorts when the two political parties in control hold their ground and refuse to give ground to what they consider to be their enemy. On the level of lawmaking, this process can be interrupted with divided government this means at least that significant lawmaking can be expected to fall off when party control is divided. (Mayhew, 1991) Divided government can come to this standstill if both political parties are unable to compromise for the benefit of others.The divided government by which the post Watergate generation has been abandoned to has been deceived or for a better term, they have been misled to believe that a unified government is much more efficient for their generation than that of a divided government. In terms of the efficiency of each type of government, the efficiency is determined by the frequency of major lawmaking and the effecti veness of that major lawmaking. Within the legislative process, it is preferably simple to pass a law when the government is unified. However, the efficiency of this law derives from its effectiveness for the purpose of bettering the general public of the United States. An array of elected officials presidents, senators, and House members heaved up by different constituencies at different dates and enjoying fixed terms and constitutional powers. (Mayhew, 2008)Frequency of Major Lawmaking / InvestigationsPower struggles between conservative Republican and liberal elective elected politicians in the White House. The Senate and the House of Representatives are based upon the rapidly changing ideological composition of voters who make up the Democratic and Republican parties and nominate their respective parties candidates. (Black Black, 2007) The frequencies at which major lawmaking and major investigations within a divided government and unified government occur differ slightly w hen compared. Within a unified government, the frequency of major lawmaking and major investigations occurs slightly more frequently than that of a divided government because within a divided government, the opposing parties are unable to compromise and therefore never gain common ground to have major lawmaking as frequently as unified government. In unified government, there is only one party in control, and therefore the President, such as that of President James Carter is able to bring down both the House of Representatives and the Senate to an agreement with deregulation and the energy crisis. On the other hand, within a divided government, such as the career of both President Richard Nixon and President Ronald Reagan, they both were able to bring the opposing parties within Congress to have an efficient government. With the presidency of Ronald Reagan, he was able to bring Congress together to pass laws of deregulation. On the basis of the efficiency of divided and unified gov ernment, the overall answer is that divided government brings about compromise within the Congress that is valuable to creating laws that benefit all, instead of a unified government that only implements its ideals.

How does Social Media Effect Time Management?

How does Social Media Effect Time Management?The purpose of this piece of music is to better understand the relationship between sequence spent on neighborly media and cartridge clip care in students. After and extensive literature review, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 54 participants. After analyzing the results it was evident that there is a relationship between conviction spent on affectionate media and succession managing skills. found on the results, recommendations and limitations were discussed.The use of internet has been taken over by social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Social media has become a popular prick amongst altogether generations these days. The use of social media has been increasingly growing among students of all ages.Most students use at least one type of social media platform in their periodic lives therefore I theory testing the effects of these platforms on students would be useful. The aim of this r esearch is to measure the effects of the use of social media on time management. This paper pull up stakes also show the reasons behind this growing trend among students.To help the generalizability of this study, just about 60 students from different schools and universities were asked to participate by modify constructed questionnaires. These questionnaires were then closely analysed to see how these platforms mother been affecting students.Literature ReviewThere is a growing interest on the effects of social media on students success and development (Abramson, 2011 Kamenetz, 2011). This interest on the effects of social networking is growing because as the data collected by EDUCAUSE Center for Applied look for (ECAR) shows, 90% of their 36,950 student sample uses some sort of social media (Smith Caruso, 2010). Studies have shown that teenagers are among the top users of social networking websites (Ahn, 2011). There has been a trend in studies suggesting that teenagers are spending a big portion of their daily life on social media websites (Ahn, 2011). Ahn furbish ups SNS as social networking sites she further explains that websites such as Facebook and MySpace fall into that year because they are web applications that use weave 2.0 principles (2011). OReilly defines Web 2.0 as websites that depend on the participation of normal users rather than content providers, he further explains that Web 2.0 websites sums up content from m some(prenominal) sources and are websites that connect and network users and information together (OReilly, 2007). Ann questions the effect of these websites on the development of the youth stating that parents and get winders are concerned and affright by this connection between the youth and social networking sites (2011). On the different hand, scholars suggest that educators should accept that students these days are using social media platforms to learn and that these educators should apprehend these new platforms and use them to their advantage (Ito et al., 2009 Jenkins, 2006). However, many schools and universities block access to these websites (Lemke et al., 2009). Agichtein et al. argue that the content on social media websites vary from high quality content to junk e-mail and users should know how to find high quality information on these platforms (Agichtein et al., 2008).Misra and McKean state that academic stress is caused by poor time management (2000). Lay and Schouwenburg define time management as a group of different actions that facilitate productivity and alleviate stress (1993). Academic work outance is heighten by effectual time management (Campbell and Svenson, 1992). In his study, Anderson claims that although the average of internet use among students is 100 minutes per day, only a small group of these students use the internet to a degree that affects other tasks in their life (2001). University students are inclined to excessive use of internet (Anderson, 2001). Ande rson stated that many students fail to manage their time on the internet (2001).As shown by the literature review, while the use of social media is continually growing especially among teenagers, the main concern is whether this growing interest is effecting students time management causing an increase in stress levels among students and lower academic achievements. Social media has many uses, from networking to news to quality information but the concern is around whether these students are using these social media platforms for all these reasons and whether these users are managing to organize their time (Ahn, 2011).MethodologyType Survey.Tool Semi-structured questionnaire.Participants54 students of both genders participated in this study. Students in mingled countries from ages of 13 to 34 years solutioned the questionnaire.-MaterialsData were collected through online questionnaires. My questionnaire consisted of nine questions (five multiple choice, one scale, two text, and on e checkbox question). I chose to put a forgetful amount of questions with mostly multiple questions to be sure that the students would not get bored while answering and the answers would be as precise as possible, close bias. ProcedureThe questionnaire was done on Google docs then sent by e-mail to some, and posted on a social media website (Facebook) to assure that there is a flesh of ages and genders in the answers.Why students?Student level is when the persons career is determined if the student is well aware that studying and other daily chores (sports, work, etc.) are the most authorized pillars in a students life, but they also have to know how to manage their time, they will excel in their futures so this study might be resembling a wake up call for students.Later on, these results were translated into percentages in pie charts to help in building my analysis and interpretation stage which will help me answer my research question.Analysis and InterpretationAnalyzing eac h question made me realize more than and more on how much students are drowned in the pool of SNS, steady though most know that its affecting their daily chores, starting with studying and ending with sports.Students of middle school (4%), high school (72%), and university (24%) from ages 13 to 34 participated in this study. Both genders were involved in this paper 52% of which were males and 48 females. The diversity of respondents assures the variety of opinions present.How much time do you spend on social platforms daily?Only 4% of students do not use SNS daily, while 19% spend more than 4 hours on social media platforms. 11% think that checking these sites for little than an hour is enough for them on the contrary 30% say that they spend three to intravenous feeding hours to get their daily dose of social networking. The 37% leftfield spend one to two hours daily before performing other things in their daily life.Type of social media?Among 54 students 41% prefer Facebook to any other social media platform. 21% use Instagram, 19% use twitter, 7% use Google+. Only 11% use things other these SNS.When asked about why do they use these platforms for and they were given the freedom to pick anything they want because it was an open-ended question, most students said that they spend their time communicating with people, or for general entertainment as well as staying up to date with e actuallything eg. Politics, sports. In the meantime a very little amount said that they spend their time on these platforms for educational purposes.As a student, how much time do you dedicate to studying daily?Most students only dedicate one to two hours studying with a percentage of 44%. 20% spend three to four hours of their time studying while 17% say that they do not study on daily cornerstone. 11 % study for less than hour, in the meantime 7% study for more than four hours daily.How much time do you dedicate to other important chores daily?When asked about the time spent for other important chores such as work or sports 44% of the 54 respondents said that they perform theses chores for one to two hours daily. 19% said that they perform chores for less than hour or not on a daily basis, while 9% percent said that they do so for three to four hours or more.To what extent do you think social media affects your time management?As a sub-question I asked their opinion on a scale from one to five (not at all to completely respictively) on how much they think SNS affect their time management as students to see if they were well-aware of what the great time on social media platforms affects their daily chores. 28% answered three to four on the scale while 20% thought it had a complete effect and only 6% said that it has no effects of all and 19% think that it has a very little effect. completion look for question Does social media have effects on students time management? According to the responses I got I realized that when you come to connect and analyze the questions about the dedication of time spent on important chores, studying, and social media platforms you realize that, on the choice that says not on a daily basis on 4% spend their day without using any of the SNS while 17% do not study on daily basis and 19% do not perform other important chores in a students life. Results are almost equal on the less than an hour choice with 11% for using social media 11% for studying and 19% for other important chores. At one to two hours the results favor the studying and other important chores more with 44% for both and only 37% for social media. What made me reach to a result for my research question is that when the hours increased, the usage of social media increased and the time spent on studying and other important chores decreased drastically later on reaching their peak. On three to four hours, 30% spend time on SNS while 20% spend studying and only 9% perform important chores. 9% said that they perform important chores for more than four hours and 7% said they spend more than four hours studying while 19% use social media platforms for more than hours.Sub-question Are the students aware of the effects the SNS have on their time management?After constructing a study on if the students are aware by the effects the social networking sites have on their time management I realized that they are somehow mostly aware. That is what made me wonder more and more, because if the students are unaware then maybe the parents must be blamed for the effects I found in my research paper, but after finding out that students know how much these sites have effects and they do not try to resist it then the students have to be blaimed for that.RecommendationAfter analyzing and interprating the results I recommend the teachers to try to help the students for overcoming the students time on social networking sites for uneducational means by using social media platforms for educational purposes so that the students spend their ti me learning on these sites rather than just for communication and entertainment. In this direction I think students will ( nonetheless if unintentionally) spend time learning. If they open Facebook for example and find out that the teacher posted an assignment there he will spend his time doing it rather than other stuff.LimitationDue to time and cost limitations the scale in this study was relatively small. The genaralizibilty of this study could have been enhanced if a larger sample was studied. If it was not for these limitations a focus group or in-depth interviews might have helped enhance this study also.Reflection on the Research StepsBefore starting the research it was something very close to a incubus to me. Not knowing anything about it I was really afraid to even start with it or even read what it is about, all I knew about the word research is that it takes a pickle of time to develop a ingenuous one.Step 1 of the DRC was choosing a issue, it seemed very easy to me at first, but after going through the handout I realized that I had to choose a topic that I am aware of and at the same time something I was interested in because I had to read a lot about the topic. I was suffering at that moment nothing came to my mind. I thought choosing a topic was easy, but it turned out to be very challenging. Choosing a topic was everything that was on my mind for 3 days until this topic came to mind and I thought it would be beneficial for the next generation and it was something I myself was suffering from.Step 2 was to narrow down my topic and think about one specific point of my topic. After approaching to my teacher I was happy to know that the topic I chose from step 1 was already narrowed down, and I was ready to go to the next step. This gave me a boost because after my classmates were well ahead of me in step one I caught up with them.After step 3 I was not disappointed in all the time it took me to choose my topic because step 2 and 3 were very eas y to me. Step 3 was about narrowing it down more and more, and decision making what was your research question. Unintentionally I had that ready too. Maybe spending a lot of time on choosing a topic was not a nightmare after all.Steps 4 to 6 were somehow similar to each other. I had to choose the method I wanted to gather information in. give thanks to Mr.Ammar Merhebi and his amazing explanation of what an interview was about and what a questionnaire is, it did not take me a lot of time to choose the online questionnaire method because I thought my topic needed me to take answers from a lot of people due to the high number of opinions and ways of living.All credits go to my mentor Mr.Ammar Merhebi for the time it took him to teach us how to enter everything on programs that would help in preparing and processing the data.After each step I used to think of what I did and think that what I was doing is time wasting and not beneficial. Although the steps did not take me a lot of tim e but all what was on my mind was Why do teachers love to interfere with our work and put everything into steps that would not even help when I want to start with my research paper? That was not the solecism here, when I started with my study I had a look on my steps and I had most of the things done and ready for this project.There were surely sometimes were I was very close to giving up and just going to anyone to do it for me in return for money, but I thank god that I took the fabricate road towards what I think a successful study.

Value of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

Value of the Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThe Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is one of the most widely employ instruments to measure attractorship ability and behaviour in organisations and organisational studies. However this does not mean it is without flaws. This report will describe and discuss the MLQ and its main purposes. It will try out attracters theories and the ways in which the test resonates with and conflicts with particular theories. In particular it will look at guiltless and contemporary widenership perspectives and theories and how it has been applied to the study of the MLQ and the Multifactor Leadership Model the questionnaire is ground on. This report will show that while there ar flaws in the design, construction, validity and practical industry of the MLQ, it is a trusty tool when used in conjunction with other leadership selection and development tools and offers much promise in evaluating leadership ability and behaviours, fol lower reactions and situational attributes.In 1978, Burns proposed that leaders could be distinguished in call of transactional or transformational leaders (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450). In his work, transactional leadership consisted of an exchange process between the leader and follower in which the leader offers a reward for compliance with his or her contract (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450) and is based on rewards and punishment. Transformational leadership on the other sacrifice is the process of motivating followers or colleagues to do to a greater ex xt than originally expected using charisma, influence and vision by transferring followers attitudes, beliefs and values, as oppose to simply gaining compliance (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450 Rafferty and Griffin, 2004, p 330). However, Burns proposed that a leader was every transformational or transactional, and that the two were at opposite ends of the spectrum.In the 1980s, cryptics approach was adequate to(p) to draw h eavily on Burns work, but hypothesised that successful leaders were transformational and transactional. Bass speculation represented a combination of transformational, transactional and non-transactional laissez-faire leadership factors (Antonakis et al, 2003, p 264). Bass propositioned that transformational and transactional leadership styles are separate and independent dimensions that appear simultaneously (Tejeda, Scandura and Pillai, 2001, p 33) and that the transactional attributes would deliver the basic needs of an organisation, while the transformational attributes would foster change and further commitment. He believed that every leader displays each of the styles to some bound and called this the Full Range of Leadership Model (Bass, 1998, p. 7). However an effective leader would demonstrate transformational attributes more frequently then transactional attributes.Central to Bass look into is the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Hartog, Muijen and Koopman, 1997, p21). The MLQ is a leadership assessment tool that measures leadership behaviour and style. It is the primary measurement tool of research on the theory (Tejeda et al, 2001, p 34). In its most recent format, the MLQ is a short but comprehensive survey of 45 items which measures a estimable range of leadership styles (http//www.cornerstonecoaching.com.au/MLQ_Questionnaire.html, 20/09/2010).The MLQ is designed to evaluate the factors that are related to leadership and how these factors determine the efficiency and effectiveness of a leader. It assesses the transformational leadership with five scales 1) idealize attributes, 2) idealised behaviours, 3) inspirational motivation, 4) intellectual stimulation and 5) individualised characterisation (Muenjohn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). Three scales are identified as singularitys of transactional leadership 1) contingent reward, 2) management by exception active and management by exception passive and one scale for Non-leadership, laissez- faire (Muenjohn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). It also assesses the outcome of leadership in terms of effectiveness and satisfaction. The current version of the MLQ (Form 5X) was create based on the results of studies of the previous versions and the feedback of leadership scholars who revised the questionnaire (XXXXX IN Antonakis, Avolio and Sivasubramaniam, 2003, p 265) and is used widely in research and across organisations in leadership assessment and development.Leadership Theories and the Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThe Multifactor Leadership Model has become one of the most widely cited theory of leadership, and while Bass (Bass, 1990b, in Hartog et al, 1997, p19) claims that the transactional-transformational leadership sit down is a new paradigm, and does not replace or explain other models, the model does in fact integrate ideas from classic and contemporary theories of leadership. Up until the late 1940s, the trait-based approach dominated leadership approaches (Par ry and Bryman, 2006, p 448). These theories isolated characteristics that differentiated leaders from non-leaders based on the premise that leaders are born, to an extent, and that the skills required are innate and are not developed everyplace time. The Multifactor Leadership Theory is not a trait based approach just it is evident that there are authoritative traits exhibited that differentiate a transformational leader from a transactional leader or traits that are not considered as leadership qualities. For instance, faith (question 25), pride (question 10), optimism (question 9), resiliance and enthusiasm (question 13) are seen as traits of transformational leaders. One question in the MLQ states my associates and followers trust me and exhibit the values I portray (www.mlq.com.au, accessed 21/09/2010). In this question, trustworthiness is a trait that is perceived as fundamental for transformational leadership. In fact, Bass approach is based on the concept of the trait or characteristic of charisma. However what the MLQ does not do is state that leadership traits are innate, and that leaders cannot be developed. A key advantage of the MLQ is that it is a tool to assess leadership skills and develop the leader into becoming more effective, efficient and transformational and show where development is required.From inception, the multifactor leadership model incorporated earlier behavioural approaches to leadership (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 175). Behaviour dimensions are actions that inspires by communicating a vision, actions that express considerations and behaviours that engage and challenge followers to think for themselves (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis et al, 2004, p 175). One of the best know approaches to behavioural leadership theories stems from research undertaken by a group of researchers at the Ohio State University. Stogdill and Coons identified two dimensions of leadership in their studies, referred to as consideration or employee-oriented leadership and initiating structure or production-oriented leadership (Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 7), not dissimilar to transactional, or travail focussed leadership.It is important to note that unlike trait based approaches to leadership which focuses on characteristics that is perceived to make a good leader, behavioural approaches emphasise that behaviour can be changed, and through training, individuals can be check leaders. The MLQ is a tool that assesses current behaviour and can be used as a tool to assist in developing individuals to better leaders.In 1967, Fiedlar proposed a contingency model of leadership effectiveness which measured the leadership orientation of the person completing it (Fiedlar, 1967 in Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The leader was either human-relations oriented, that is, considerate of the subordinates feelings and concerned with fostering good relations, or task-motivated (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). Like Burns approach on transactional and transformational leadership, Fiedlar proposed that leaders were either human-relations oriented or task motivated, and could alternate depending on the situational factors. The MLQ however shows that for a leader to be effective, both task oriented attributes and transformation attributes needed to be displayed. The two were not co-dependent. The theory focuses on contingent reward as motivation, and is similar to transactional leader attributes. However, the theory highlighted that since a leaders personality does not change, it is instead necessary to change the situational factors instead, such(prenominal) as task structure, position power or leader-member relations (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The MLQ is an assessment tool based on analysing a persons behaviours and attributes and developing or ever-changing their behaviour to transformational leaders rather than transactional or non-leaders rather than the need to change the e nvironment or situation.The multifactor model seems to stem from research conducted from the late 1980s in the lead and the theories that became known as contemporary perspectives. One such example is leadership through excited intelligence (EI). EI is consistently associated with good leadership and is the ability to fancy and manage feelings, moods and emotions in self and others (Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). The connection between emotions and transformational leadership was assessed by research conducted in 2001 by Palmer, Walls and Burgess by measuring steamy intelligence in 43 participants in film directorial roles using the Trait Meta Mood Scale, and effective transformational leadership attributes were measured by the MLQ. It was found that there was a demonstrable correlation between EI and transformational leadership, a factor that has not been missed by Bass, who declared that leadership is as much emotional and subjective as rational and objective in effect (1 999, p 19 in Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). This and other research has suggested that EI is an important component of transformational leadership, and the ability to utilise transactional attributes when required. In fact, transformational leaders would need to use emotion to communicate vision to gain a response from their subordinates. It is interesting to note that the EI model became prevalent from 1980 onwards. Perhaps for this intellectual Bass and team insisted that their multifactor leader model was not based on previous classic models of leadership but asserted that there was a positive relationship between EI and transformational leadership. While this report does not propose that the multifactor model does not have any similarities to classic models, it is evident that the model has more simile with contemporary models of leadership.Further correlations can be made between the multifactor model and the level 5 leadership model and inspirational leadership model. The level 5 leadership model is based on the premise that an effective leader exhibits attributes effective leadership, competent management, contributing team membership and a highly commensurate individual and can in addition demonstrate personal humility and professional will. Inspirational leadership is a combination of level 5 leadership and EI. Inspirational leaders selectively show their own weaknesses, dare to be different, rely on intuition and ability to read interpersonal cues and practice broken empathy. Attributes of the multifactor model, including inspirational motivations, simulation and consideration are similar to the concepts presented above. Effective leaders will also be transformational and transactional, therefore showing both competent manager and highly capable individual attributes.Strengths and Weaknesses of the Multifactor Leadership QuestionnairePractical ApplicationThe MLQ is essentially based on the premise that for a leader to be successful, transactio nal and transformational attributes need to be displayed. This has also made the test popular and valid in a variety of situations and environments, including structured, task oriented workplaces, such as manufacturing or in a professional services environment, where employee empowerment, charisma and visionary leadership are prevalent. In addition, it is essentially a 360 degree feedback tool, that is used not only to develop the leader but to identify the thoughts of subordinates, thereby increasing accuracy, acceptance, better understanding of performance and gaps in performance and indicates the leadership skills an individual needs to develop to be effective. ground on the results, ineffective leaders can be differentiated from effective leaders. Furthermore, its successful application in a variety of organisations is highlighted by the fact that it has been translated in other languages to decrease the language barrier or ethnic implications.What it does not take into accoun t however, is other cultural implications such as preferred or required leadership style or social factors, and research has revealed that different cultures place value certain leadership styles and behaviours to a greater extent than others. certain(p) cultures for instance, may not value individualise d consideration for instance as much as the cultural norms of collectivist societies in China or India for instance, so attributes valued in the multifactor model may not be ideal in certain cultures. In a study by Shahin and Wright (2004), they highlighted that cooperation and coordination were important for social integration among people in Egypt, stemming from social culture and its dependence on Islam (Shahin and Wright, 2004, 9 203). The MLQ does not take into account social culture and cultural implications and for this reason further questions were added measuring social integration. Shahin and Wright (2004) also noted that the form in which charismatic leadership portrayed in the Egyptian context has a strong element of authoritarianism (p 504). The leadership style exhibits strong elements of transactional leadership behaviours, where contingent reward and management by exception are required to realize subordinates perform (Shahin and Wright, 2004, 9 504). Therefore the ideal measurements of the MLQ needed to be customised to suit the context.In additionValidity and DesignAs noted above, key to the multifactor model is based on the premise that the theoretical background stems from classic and contemporary leadership, and is based on developing leaders, not that leaders are born. The MLQ is widely authorized and used and extensive research has been conducted that highlights its validity and reliability to measure management behaviour and performance (Agle, 1993 Carless, Mann and Wearing, 1995 Lowe, Kroek and Sivasubramaniam, 1996). It has emerged from a through and rigorous research process over the past fifteen years (Whitelaw, 2001, p 1).Part of its success in implementation in todays business world is its success in integrating emotional intelligence into the attributes of transformation leaders. Based on the results, training, support, mentoring and coaching can be provided to the leader.It would be very difficult in criticising the MLQ in terms of its application, as the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) is widely used in academic research and also a broad range of different organisations across many cultures (Anatonakis et al, 2003 Krickbride, 2006). The evidence of this is the fact that the MLQ has been translated into ten different languages, and has extensively been used in organisations globally in the following sectors in many sectors such as training, consulting, financial and insurance institutes, law firms, hospitals, tap and manufacturing businesses, media, government, marketing, gaming industry, defence, retail, property businesses, education etc. However, research (House, 1997) reveals that differe nt cultures vary immensely in the value they give to certain leadership styles and behaviours. This may lead to a problem in the potential application of the MLQ as leadership behaviour that is valued by the MLQ (e.g. individualised consideration towards subordinates) top executive violate certain cultural norms of collectivist societies e.g. India and Japan. Furthermore, a research conducted by Connelly, Zaccharo, Threlfall, Marks and Mumford (2002) reveals that questionnaires like MLQ in which subordinates and peers provide evaluation, fail to measure certain types of leadership skills, as they might be less observable e.g. knowledge, problem-solving and judgement capabilities.The ***** provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of public organizations, especially on the point that the criteria are multiple, shifting, and conflicting (Rainey, 2003)The MLQ is capable of measuring the extent to which leadership is ***** considerate, providing the ***** with support, mentorin g, ***** coaching (*****, p. 5). Established ***** (Bass). In addition, the MLQ*****. Differentiates effective and ineffective leaders ***** all organizational levels2. Assesses the effectiveness ***** an entire organizations leadership3. Is valid ***** cultures ***** types of organizations*****. Is ***** to administer, requires 15 proceedings to complete5. Has ***** extensively ***** and validated6. The MLQ provides the best relationship ***** survey data to organizational outcome and, 7. The MLQ has become ***** benchmark measure of Transformational Leadership (***** *****) The data developed from the ***** to date have been shown to highly correlate with ***** with effectiveness, performance, ***** satisfaction (Bass, p. 83). In addition, the feedback of MLQ results can also be used for mentoring, counseling, coaching, and training MLQ scores might also be used profitably to identify executives to head ***** ventures (Bass, p. 84).Theoretical background is based on developing l eaders, not that leaders are bornEI aspects present in MLQPlenty of research and used widely, accepted360 degree feedback, tool to identify the thoughts of subordinates practical application design validityWeaknesses of Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireCultural factors e.g. org cultureenvironmental factors, economy (crisis)Type of organisation e.g. manufacturing organisation might need diff style of leadership to professional services firmReliance on honestySelf-evaluationDoes not consider variance in thought or ideologySome questions may not apply in certain situationsOpportunities and Threats of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire practical application design validityConclusion

Keep Joe Camel out of the Mall :: essays research papers

Keep Joe Camel Out of the MallI marle what pleasure or felicitie they have in fetching this rogish Tabacco it is goodish for nothing, but to choake a man, and fill him of smoake, and imbers... (Jonson, Act 3, Scene 3.2) These were the words of Ben Jonson, a 17th century English poet. In agreement with this quote, smoke should be proscribed from all public places. This opinion is supported by the evidence that secondhand smoke is very harmful. Additionally, if a child sees an older person smoke (in a public place), the child might be influenced to smoke. Lastly, cigarette smoke can affect people with allergies or other respiratory problems or diseases. The effects of motionless smoke are numerous.Secondhand smoke is very harmful. Secondhand smoke is estimated to cause 53,0000 deaths all(prenominal) year among non-smokers in the United States. (Garrison 44) Thats a piling of deaths. About 3,000 of these deaths are due to lung cancer caused by non-smokers breathing the smokers smoke. People should care more for the people around them. Some of those 3,000 were likely children. (Garrison 44) Cigarette smoke increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease, even in a non-smoker. Even the non-smokers have to watch out. One thousand Americans stop hummer everydayby dying. (Smoking Quotes 1) Some Americans die without even starting skunk themselves. Children are particularly insecure to the negative effects of cigarettes.One reason smoking should be banned in all public places is that children are easily influenced by watching the actions of others. Some psychologists say people function as audiences for each other and for activities that surround them in public settings. (Poland 183) Ninety per cent of new smokers are under 19 years of age. (Bailey 54) Children regularly take up smoking despite health campaigns about the dangers of smoking. Children see smoking on pop-ups on computers, in advertising, and in public places. (Connolly, 10) As the adolesce nt brain seeks to specialize in rewarding activities, addictive substances can crowd out other activities, shrinking the repertoire being learned. When youre addicted, all your motivation gets funneled into seeking or taking the drug, said R. Andrew Chambers, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Yale University. (McGough) This quote illustrates how easily adolescents are influence by others. Besides adolescents, another group of people that is vulnerable to smoking are people with allergies and respiratory problems.Several EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) studies performed since the early 1970s have concluded that secondhand smoke not only causes lung cancer in non-smokers, it worsens asthma symptoms.

Divided We Fall Essay -- essays research papers

     "Divided We Fall," a Czech movie about hard decisions and loyalty, not to ones country, save to yourself, is protrayed precise well by director Jan Hrebejk. This movie, considered a black comedy, is more than just a true story being told it shows how hard it was for one family to conseal a Judaic person in their home.     Csonger Kassais character, David, escaped prison in Poland and returned to Czechoslovakia where he thought that someone could help him. He is taken in by his former employee (Bolek Polivka, who plays Josef), who is reluctant at first, but spends the next two years lying in order to save David, himself, and his wife, Marie (Anna Siskova). Throughout the film, in that location are many close calls. The welt one is that Marie told Horst (a worker for the Nazis, who always comes over uninvited) that she is pregnant (in order to save David), although everyone knows the couple want children, but charter never ha d any. Although you think that the couple boast the hardest part of keeping David a secret, its hard for David, especially at the end where he has to show his face in order to save the people who have consealed him.     The setting of the house where Josef and Marie lived was a very good example of what most non-Jewish people would live in. It was small, but cosy just enough for two people. It in addition included a pantry which was turned into a shelter for David. Not many shots were taken out of the house and that ones that were taken of the street told the audience a lot, especially during the resistance. That scene showed people blowing up houses where collaborators lived, breaking glass windows, and running around the street chaotic. The cinematic techniques added much emotion to the story created on screen. Everytime there was a very important section or Nazis knocking on Josefs door, the cameras seemed to be slowing down just a little bit, as if to rate the audience "Okay, now its the time to pay attention." Throughout the film, Hrebejk knew where to put the cameras in order to get the best take of a scene, which enhanced the view of honoring the movie and added suspence to it.     The music suited the movie very nicely. By the type of music playing, you could determine what sort of scene was coming up, either fast and light... ... it was his home, in order to save Josef and Marie from the Nazis searching their house. In that part, he did what was right. The perpetrators in the film would have been the Nazis who persecuted any family who had a Jew hiding with them. The victim was, of course, David. The collaborator was mainly Horst, but at time, Josef, when he really neede to be. The recuers were Josef and Marie, and at some times, Horst too. Some could say that, in order to save Josef, Marie and Horst, David was the rescuer. Simacek (played by Jiri Pecha0 would be also considered a rescuer since he never told the truth about Horst not being a real doctor. There seemed to be no by single-footers in this film.     The name of the film, "Divided We Fall," is only when part of the phrase that was used througout the whole film. "United we stand, divided we fall was the quote used mostly by Horst when he wanted to uplift Josefs feelings. It seemed easy to stand united but when trouble occurs, divided is what most people will be. The film showed, especially at the end, that people could be united even through with(predicate) tough times and even though they feel like going against their conscience.